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El siglo XVIII, el de la Ilustración, es conocido como el Siglo de las Luces, porque después de largas etapas de oscurantismo, los filósofos pensaron que, finalmente, la luz de la razón se…

Guerra y revolución liberal (1808-1814)

1.1. La crisis de la monarquía borbónica El inicio del reinado en España de Carlos IV (1788-1808) coincidió con el estallido de la Revolución francesa. Temerosa de la expansión por nuestro país…

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Think about it. Sexual reproduction in plants

Remember what you have studied in this section and answer the questions: Why do more evolved plants have a smaller gametophyte? Discuss with a classmate. What is the advantage and disadvantage of having…

Interaction in animals

1.1. What is interaction? Interaction is a function that allows living things to perceive information from the outside or from inside the organism and respond to changes that take place. 1.2. Stimulus…

Analyse. A graph

Look at the graph showing how a species of fish survives at different temperatures and answer the following questions: What does the graph show? What are the upper and lower temperature limits for these…

Think about it. The propagation of heat

Remember what you have studied in this section and answer the questions: What does the heat absorbed during a change of state transform into? Why is heat absorption needed when a liquid changes to gas?…

Summaries - The age of imperialism

1. The driving factors behind imperialism The Second Industrial Revolution transformed the European powers, who used their new superiority to conquer new territories in Africa and Asia. The causes of…

Find out more. Antoni Gaudí (1852-1926)

Antoni Gaudí was the most emblematic Modernist figure in Spain. His work was inspired by forms found in nature (plants, flowers, stones, animals, etc.), and reflected his imagination and his own…

Summaries - The First World War and the Russian Revolution (1914-1939)

1. Europe at the beginning of the 20th century During the 19th century, most of the industrialised countries established constitutional and parliamentary systems. England and France became even more…